Advanced Glycation End Products— Physiology and Pathological Activity: A Literature Review

Shatha Hussein Ali; Sarah Hashim Mhaibes

doi:10.54133/ajms.v10i1.2593

Authors

Shatha Hussein Ali Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Sarah Hashim Mhaibes Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-7667

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v10i1.2593

Keywords:

AGE, Hyperglycemia, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, RAGE

Abstract

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are chemically complex and varied substances that are made inside or outside the body during different biological processes. Condensation between the carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and the free amine groups of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids produces them non-enzymatically. The accumulation of AGEs in vivo triggers a number of signaling pathways by binding with receptors for AGEs (RAGE) that are intimately linked to the development of chronic metabolic disorders. Because of their capacity to stimulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, AGEs are thought to have pathogenic implications. AGEs play a role in the onset and progression of a number of aging-related pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, liver or neurodegenerative diseases, and intestinal diseases. AGEs have an impact on health and aging, particularly in hyperglycemic people. Lowering the risk of AGE-related issues and maintaining overall health can be achieved by monitoring AGE levels and adopting nutritional interventions. This review aims to show the role of AGE in the health and pathologies of various diseases.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Phuong-Nguyen K, McNeill BA, Aston-Mourney K, Rivera LR. Advanced glycation end-products and their effects on gut health. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):405. doi: 10.3390/nu15020405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020405

Rungratanawanich W, Qu Y, Wang X, Essa MM, Song BJ. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53(2):168-188. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7

Emel’yanov VV. Glycation, antiglycation and deglycation: role in mechanisms of aging ang geroprotective (literature review). Adv Gerontol. 2016;29:407–416. PMID: 28525687.

Uceda AB, Mariño L, Casasnovas R, Adrover M. An overview on glycation: molecular mechanisms, impact on proteins, pathogenesis, and inhibition. Biophys Rev. 2024;16(2):189-218. doi: 10.1007/s12551-024-01188-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-024-01188-4

Ahmad S, Rehman S. Impact of reactive dicarbonyls on biological macromolecules- Role in metabolic disorders. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2020;21(9):844-845. doi: 10.2174/138920372109201105114029. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138920372109201105114029

Sirangelo I, Iannuzzi C. Understanding the role of protein glycation in the amyloid aggregation process. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6609. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126609

Li Y, Peng Y, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang X. Dietary polyphenols: regulate the advanced glycation end products-RAGE axis and the microbiota-gut-brain axis to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(29):9816-9842. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2076064

Thorne CA, Grey AC, Lim JC, Donaldson PJ. The synergistic effects of polyol pathway-induced oxidative and osmotic stress in the etiology of diabetic cataracts. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(16):9042. doi: 10.3390/ijms25169042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169042

Ott C, Jacobs K, Haucke E, Santos AN, Grune T, Simm A. Role of advanced glycation end products in cellular signaling. Redox Biol. 2014; 2:411-429. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.016

Khudair FA, Ali SH, Al-Nuaimi AA. Study of association between RAGE gene polymorphism rs2070600 (G82S) and aspirin resistance in coronary artery disease Iraqi Patients with and without type 2 diabetes. J Pharm Negat Results. 2022;13(4):170-182. doi: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.04.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.04.022

Kay AM, Simpson CL, Stewart JA. The role of AGE/RAGE signaling in diabetes-mediated vascular calcification. Diabetes Res. 2016;8(5):6809703–6809756. doi: 10.1155/2016/6809703. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6809703

Rhee SY, Kim YS. The role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(3):188–195. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2017.0105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.0105

Bongarzone S, Savickas V, Luzi F, Gee AD. Targeting the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE): A medicinal chemistry perspective. J Med Chem. 2017;60 (17):7213–7232. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00058

Sergi D, Boulestin H, Campbell FM, Williams LM. The role of dietary advanced glycation end products in metabolic dysfunction. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021;65(1):1900934. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201900934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201900934

Zgutka K, Tkacz M, Tomasiak P, Tarnowski M. A role for advanced glycation end products in molecular ageing. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(12):9881. doi: 10.3390/ijms24129881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129881

Cross K, Vetter SW, Alam Y, Hasan MZ, Nath AD, Leclerc E. Role of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its ligands in inflammatory responses. Biomolecules. 2024;14(12):1550. doi: 10.3390/biom14121550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121550

Rowan S, Bejarano E, Taylor A. Mechanistic targeting of advanced glycation end-products in age-related diseases. Biochim Biophy Acta. 2018;1864(12):3631-3643. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.036

Reynolds PR, Kasteler SD, Cosio MG, Sturock A, Huecksteadt T. Hoidal JR. RAGE: developmental expression and positive feedback regulation by Egr-1 during cigarette smoke exposure in pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;294:L1094-1101. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00318.2007

Lizotte PP, Hanford LE, Enghild JJ, Nozik-Grayck E, Giles BL, Oury TD. Developmental expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its response to hyperoxia in the neonatal rat lung. BMC Dev Biol. 2007;7(1):15. doi: 10.1186/1471-213X-7-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-7-15

Bartling B, Fuchs C, Somoza V, Niemann B, Silber RE, Simm A. Lung level of HMBG1 is elevated in response to advanced glycation end product‐enriched food in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51(4):479-487. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200600223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600223

Simm A, Casselmann C, Schubert A, Hofmann S, Reimann A, Silber RE. Age associated changes of AGE-receptor expression: RAGE upregulation is associated with human heart dysfunction. Exp Gerontol. 2004;39(3):407-413. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2003.12.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2003.12.006

Brett J, Schmidt AM, Du Yan S, Zou YS, Weidman E, Pinsky D, et al. Survey of the distribution of a newly characterized receptor for advanced glycation end products in tissues. Am J Pathol. 1993;143(6):1699. PMID: 8256857.

Sugaya K, Fukagawa T, Matsumoto KI, Mita K, Takahashi EI, Ando A, et al. Three genes in the human MHC class III region near the junction with the class II: gene for receptor of advanced glycosylation end products, PBX2 homeobox gene and a notch homolog, human counterpart of mouse mammary tumor geneint-3. Genomics.1994;23(2):408-419. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1517

Piras S, Furfaro AL, Domenicotti C, Traverso N, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, et al. RAGE expression and ROS generation in neurons: differentiation versus damage. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016(1):9348651. doi: 10.1155/2016/9348651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9348651

Chen C, Li XH, Tu Y, Sun HT, Liang HQ, Cheng SX, et al. Aβ-AGE aggravates cognitive deficit in rats via RAGE pathway. Neuroscience. 2014;257:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.056

Rong LL, Yan SF, Wendt T, Hans D, Pachydaki S, Bucciarelli LG, et al. RAGE modulates peripheral nerve regeneration via recruitment of both inflammatory and axonal outgrowth pathways. FASEB J. 2004;18(15):1818-1825. doi: 10.1096/fj.04-1900com. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-1900com

Rong LL, Trojaborg W, Qu W, Kostov K, Yan SD, Gooch C, et al. Antagonism of RAGE suppresses peripheral nerve regeneration. FASEB J. 2004;18(15):1812-1817. doi: 10.1096/fj.04-1899com. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-1899com

Li ZH, Wang XY, Luo Q. The roles of advanced glycation end products in cardiovascular diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025;12:1637252. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1637252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1637252

Fang B, Li L, Winget J, Laughlin T, Hakozaki T. Identification of yellow advanced glycation end products in human skin. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:5596. doi: 10.3390/ijms25115596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25115596

Sessa L, Gatti E, Zeni F, Antonelli A, Catucci A, Koch M, et al. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is only present in mammals, and belongs to a family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). PLoS One. 2014;9:e86903. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086903

Gasiorowski K, Brokos B, Echeverria V, Barreto GE, Leszek J. RAGE-TLR crosstalk sustains chronic inflammation in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;55:1463–1476. doi: 10.1007/s12035-017-0419-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0419-4

Chen Y, Guo TL. Dietary advanced glycation end-products elicit toxicological effects by disrupting gut microbiome and immune homeostasis. J Immunotoxicol. 2021;18:93–104. doi: 10.1080/1547691X.2021.1959677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1547691X.2021.1959677

Moldogazieva NT, Mokhosoev IM, Mel'nikova TI, Porozov YB, Terentiev AA. Oxidative stress and advanced lipoxidation and glycation end products (ALEs and AGEs) in aging and age-related diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:3085756. doi: 10.1155/2019/3085756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3085756

Yamagishi S, Matsui T. Role of ligands of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in peripheral artery disease. Rejuvenation Res. 2018;21:456–463. doi: 10.1089/rej.2017.2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2017.2025

Mhaibes SH, Ali SH. Impact of genomic variation of NFE2L2 (rs6706649) on serum glyoxalase-1 levels in a sample of Iraqi type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2024;33(4SI)):159-168. doi: 10.31351/vol33iss(4SI)pp159-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss(4SI)pp159-168

Mhaibes SH, Ali SH. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in diabetic microvascular complications: Review article. Iraqi J Pharm Sci. 2024;33(3):1-16. doi: 10.31351/vol33iss3pp1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31351/vol33iss3pp1-16

Lu Z, Fan B, Li Y, Zhang Y. RAGE plays key role in diabetic retinopathy: a review. Biomed Eng Online. 2023;22(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s12938-023-01194-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-023-01194-9

Senatus LM, Schmidt AM. The AGE-RAGE axis: Implications for age-associated arterial diseases. Front Genet. 2017;8:187–210. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2017.00187

Lin H, Yang Y, Wang X, Chung M, Zhang L, Cai S, et al. Targeting the AGEs-RAGE axis: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions in diabetic wound healing. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1667620. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1667620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1667620

Gui F, You Z, Fu S, Wu H, Zhang Y. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11(591):591–616. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00591

Alan W. AGEs and diabetic retinopathy. JOVS. 2018;51(10):4867–4874. doi: 10.1167/iovs.10-5881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-5881

Hashim Z, Zarina S. Advanced glycation end products in diabetic and non-diabetic human subjects suffering from cataract. Age. 2011;33(3):377-384. doi: 10.1007/s11357-010-9177-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-010-9177-1

Safi SZ, Qvist R, Kumar S, Batumalaie K, Shah I, Ismail B. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy , general preventive strategies , and novel therapeutic targets. Biomed Res Int. 2014(8):801269–801329. doi: 10.1155/2014/801269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/801269

Ma Y, Wang X, Lin S, King L, Liu L. The potential role of advanced glycation end products in the development of kidney disease. Nutrients. 2025;17(5):758. doi: 10.3390/nu17050758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050758

Parwani K, Mandal P. Association of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with diabetic nephropathy and alcohol consumption. J Alcohol Drug Depend. 2017;5(6):232-488. doi: 10.4172/2329-6488.1000290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000290

Nowotny K, Jung T, Höhn A, Weber D, Grune T. Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomolecules. 2015;5(1):194–222. doi: 10.3390/biom5010194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom5010194

Loeffler I, Wolf G. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy: Fact or fiction? Cells. 2015;4(4):631–652. doi: 10.3390/cells4040631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells4040631

Nishad R, Tahaseen V, Kavvuri R, Motrapu M, Singh AK, Peddi K, et al. Advanced-glycation end-products induce podocyte injury and contribute to proteinuria. Front Med. 2021;8,685447–685511. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.685447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.685447

Vadakedath S, Kandi V. Role of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in health and disease: An overview. Biochem Physiol. 2018;7:246. doi 10.4172/2168-9652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9652.1000246

Baaten CC, Vondenhoff S, Noels H. Endothelial cell dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. Circ Res. 2023;132(8):970-992. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.321752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.321752

Twarda-Clapa A, Olczak A, Białkowska AM, Koziołkiewicz M. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs): Formation, chemistry, classification, receptors, and diseases related to AGEs. Cells. 2022;11(8):1312. doi: 10.3390/cells11081312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11081312

Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Tu C, Chen X, He R. Advanced glycation end products in disease development and potential interventions. Antioxidants. 2025;14(4):492. doi: 10.3390/antiox14040492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040492

Wang ZQ, Yao HP, Sun Z. N(ε)-(carboxymethyl)lysine promotes lipid uptake of macrophage via cluster of differentiation 36 and receptor for advanced glycation end products. World J Diabetes. 2023;14:222–233. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.222

Rudnicka E, Suchta K, Grymowicz M, Calik-Ksepka A, Smolarczyk K, Duszewska AM, et al. Chronic low grade inflammation in pathogenesis of PCOS. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(7):3789. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073789

Yan D, Luo X, Li Y, Liu W, Deng J, Zheng N, et al. Effects of advanced glycation end products on calcium handling in cardiomyocytes. Cardiology. 2014;129(2):75-83. doi: 10.1159/000364779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000364779

Madhu P, Mukhopadhyay S. Distinct types of amyloid-β oligomers displaying diverse neurotoxicity mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Biochem. 2021;122:1594–1608. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.30141

Jain V, Langham MC, Wehrli FW. MRI estimation of global brain oxygen consumption rate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30:1598–1607. doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.49

Ko SY, Ko HA, Chu KH, Shieh TM, Chi TC, Chen HI, et al. The possible mechanism of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) for Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143345

Mariño L, Ramis R, Casasnovas R, Ortega-Castro J, Vilanova B, Frau J, et al. Unravelling the effect of: N (ϵ)-(Carboxyethyl)-Lysine on the conformation, dynamics and aggregation propensity of α-synuclein. Chem Sci. 2020;11:3332–3344. doi: 10.1039/d0sc00906g. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0SC00906G

Schröter D, Höhn A. Role of advanced glycation end products in carcinogenesis and their therapeutic Implications. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24:5245–5251. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666190130145549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190130145549

Turner DP. The role of advanced glycation end-products in cancer disparity. Adv Cancer Res. 2017;133:1–22. doi: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.08.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acr.2016.08.001

Jahromi MK, Tehrani AN, Farhadnejad H, Emamat H, Ahmadirad H, Teymoori F, et al. Dietary advanced glycation end products are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Iranian adults. BMC Cancer. 2023;23(1):932. doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-11462-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11462-5

Dariya B, Nagaraju GP. Advanced glycation end products in diabetes, cancer and phytochemical therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(9):1614-1623. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.003

Deng R, Wu H, Ran H, Kong X, Hu L, Wang X, et al. Glucose-derived AGEs promote migration and invasion of colorectal cancer by up-regulating Sp1 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017;1861(5):1065-1074. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.024

Walter KR, Ford ME, Gregoski MJ, Kramer RM, Knight KD, Spruill L, et al. Advanced glycation end products are elevated in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients, alter response to therapy, and can be targeted by lifestyle intervention. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;173(3):559-571. doi: 10.1007/s10549-018-4992-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4992-7

Omofuma OO, Turner DP, Peterson LL, Merchant AT, Zhang J, Steck SE. Dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and risk of breast cancer in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO). Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2020;13(7):601-610. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0457

Krisanits BA, Woods P, Nogueira LM, Woolfork DD, Lloyd CE, Baldwin A, et al. Non-enzymatic glycoxidation linked with nutrition enhances the tumorigenic capacity of prostate cancer epithelia through AGE mediated activation of RAGE in cancer associated fibroblasts. Transl Oncol. 2022;17:101350. doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101350

Waghela BN, Vaidya FU, Ranjan K, Chhipa AS, Tiwari BS, Pathak C. AGE-RAGE synergy influences programmed cell death signaling to promote cancer. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476:585–598. doi: 10.1007/s11010-020-03928-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-020-03928-y

Palanissami G, Paul SFD. AGEs and RAGE: metabolic and molecular signatures of the glycation-inflammation axis in malignant or metastatic cancers. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2023;4(5):812-849. doi: 10.37349/etat.2023.00170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2023.00170

Perrone A, Giovino A, Benny J, Martinelli F. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs): biochemistry, signaling, analytical methods, and epigenetic effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020(1):3818196. doi: 10.1155/2020/3818196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3818196

Cheng HS, Ton SH, Abdul Kadir K. Therapeutic agents targeting at AGE-RAGE axis for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: A review of clinical evidence. Clin Diabetes Res. 2017;1(1):16-34. doi: 10.36959/647/490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36959/647/490

Pasten C, Lozano M, Rocco J, Carrión F, Alvarado C, Liberona J, et al. Aminoguanidine prevents the oxidative stress, inhibiting elements of inflammation, endothelial activation, mesenchymal markers, and confers a renoprotective effect in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(11):1724. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111724

Urios P, Grigorova-Borsos AM, Sternberg M. Aspirin inhibits the formation of pentosidine, a cross-linking advanced glycation end product, in collagen. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(2):337-340. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.024

Adeshara K, Tupe R. Antiglycation and cell protective actions of metformin and glipizide in erythrocytes and monocytes. Mol Biol Rep. 2016;43(3):195-205. doi: 10.1007/s11033-016-3947-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-016-3947-5

Salazar J, Navarro C, Ortega Á, Nava M, Morillo D, Torres W, et al. Advanced glycation end products: New clinical and molecular perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(14):7236. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147236

Reddy VP, Beyaz A. Inhibitors of the Maillard reaction and AGE breakers as therapeutics for multiple diseases. Drug Discov Today. 2006;11(13–14):646–654. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2006.05.016

Kim NY, Goddard TN, Sohn S, Spiegel DA, Crawford JM. Biocatalytic reversal of advanced glycation end product modification. Chembiochem. 2019;20:2402–2410. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201900158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900158

Reddy VP, Aryal P, Darkwah EK. Advanced glycation end products in health and disease. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9):1848. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10091848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091848

Ahmed FT, Ali SH. AGE-RAGE pathway as a potential therapeutic target. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2025;9(1):54-62. doi: 10.54133/ajms.v9i1.2108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v9i1.2108

Zhang SS, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Xiong ZY, Chen H, Huang QB. Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts to prevent podocyte apoptosis induced by advanced oxidative protein products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;482:1413–1419. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.050