Gender Determination Using Hand Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study in Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i1S.301Keywords:
Anthropometry, 2D to 4D ratio, Gender determination, Hand index, Iraqi peopleAbstract
Background: Hand parameters have been suggested to be useful indicators for gender identification. Objective: To detect gender from hand parameters in a sample of Iraqi individuals. Methods: Hand parameters (hand length, width, hand index, index and ring lengths, and index to ring ratio) of 100 participants were measured using traditional techniques. The data were tested statistically using appropriate statistical methods. Results: Females display a higher 2D/4D ratio compared to males. In contrast, males show a higher hand index compared to females. The study proposes a 2D/4D cutoff point of 0.9722, where a ratio < 0.9722 was regarded as male and a ratio ≥ 0.9722 was regarded as female. Alternatively, a hand index (HI) cutoff point was 40.2154, where an HI > 40.215 was regarded as male and an HI ≤ 40.215 was regarded as female. Consequently, the study verifies that hand parameters can be used for gender determination in medical legal examinations. Conclusion: Hand parameters may be valuable indicators of sexual dimorphism in medico-legal examination and may have a great implication in cases of natural disasters and wars when an isolated hand is subjected to examination.
Downloads
References
Baker F. Anthropological notes on the human hand. Am Anthropol. 1888;1:51-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1888.1.1.02a00040
Fusar-Poli L, Rodolico A, Sturiale S, Carotenuto B, Natale A, Arillotta D, et al. Second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of case-control studies. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2021;19(1):26-45. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.26
Baxter A, Wood EK, Witczak LR, Bales KL, Higley JD. Sexual dimorphism in Titi Monkeys' digit (2D:4D) ratio is associated with maternal urinary sex hormones during pregnancy. Dev Psychobiol. 2020;62(7):979-991. doi: 10.1002/dev.21899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21899
Ernsten L, Körner LM, Schaper ML, Lawrenz J, Richards G, Heil M, et al. The association of prenatal amniotic sex hormones and digit ratio (2D:4D) in children aged 5 to 70 months: A longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0282253. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282253
de Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Elsedfy H, Soliman N, Elalaily R, Di Maio S. Is the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of sex-steroids activity? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2017;14(4):378-386. doi: 10.17458/per.vol14.2017.SSE.SexSteroids.
Richards G, Aydin E, Tsompanidis A, Padaigaitė E, Austin T, Allison C, et al. Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13586. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17247-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17247-3
Almasry SM, El Domiaty MA, Algaidi SA, Elbastawisy YM, Safwat MD. Index to ring digit ratio in Saudi Arabia at Almadinah Almonawarah province: a direct and indirect measurement study. J Anat. 2011;218(2):202-208. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01318.x
Kanchan T, Rastogi P. Sex determination from hand dimensions of North and South Indians. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54(3):546-550. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01018.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01018.x
Ibrahim MA, Khalifa AM, Hagras AM, Alwakid NI. Sex determination from hand dimensions and index/ring finger length ratio in North Saudi population: Medico-legal view. Egypt J Forens Sci. 2016; 6(4):435-444. doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.11.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.11.002
Weiner JS, Lourie JA, (Eds.), Human Biology: A guide to field methods, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, 1969; p.p. 32–33.
Daniel W, Cross C, (Eds.), Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences, (11th ed.), Wiley, 2018; p.p. 254.
Assi MH, Zghair MA, Al-Hussaini HI. Computed tomographic assessment of normal splenic length in relation to anthropometric parameters: An observational cross-sectional study in Iraq. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2023;5:172-176. doi: 10.54133/ajms.v5i.204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i.204
Kanchan T, Kumar GP, Menezes RG. Index and ring finger ratio: a new sex determinant in the South-Indian population. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;181:53.e1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.08.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.08.002
Al-Salihi AR, Selman MO, Wasif HF. The anthropometric ratio of index finger to ring finger (2D:4D) correlation with some seminal fluid analysis parameters. Iraqi Postgrad Med J. 2011;10(2):244-248.
Aboul-Hagag KE, Mohamed SA, Hilal MA, Mohamed EA. Determination of sex from hand dimensions and index/ring finger length ratio in Upper Egyptians. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2011;2:80-86. doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.03.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.03.001
Dey S, Kapoor AK. Digit ratio (2D:4D) – A forensic marker for sexual dimorphism in North Indian population. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2016;6(4):422-428. doi: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.003
Smedley KD, McKain KJ, McKain DN. 2D:4D digit ratio predicts depression severity for females but not for males. Personality Individ Differ. 2014;70:136-139. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.039
Habib SR, Kamal NN. Stature estimation from hand and phalanges lengths of Egyptians. J Forensic Leg Med. 2010;17:156-160. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2009.12.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2009.12.004
Skorska MN, Coome LA, Peragine DE, Aitken M, Vander Laan DP. An anthropometric study of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18432. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97845-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97845-9
Holmes L, Watts-Overall TM, Slettevold E, Gruia DC, Raines J, Rieger G. Sexual orientation, sexual Arousal, and finger length ratios in women. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;50(8):3419-3432. doi: 10.1007/s10508-021-02095-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02095-5
Krishan K, Sharma A. Estimation of stature from dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population. J Forensic Leg Med. 2007;14:327-332. doi: 10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.10.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.10.008
Rhiu I, Kim W. Estimation of stature from finger and phalange lengths in a Korean adolescent. J Physiol Anthrop. 2019;38(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s40101-019-0206-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-019-0206-1
Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and estrogen. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:3000-3004. doi: 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000
Farhan SS, Al-Imam A, Al-Jewari WM. Stature estimation among Iraqis based on anthropometrics of the hands using multivariable regression. Al-Rafidain J Med Sci. 2023;4:92-101. doi: 10.54133/ajms.v4i.120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v4i.120
Hönekopp J, Watson S. Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. Am J Hum Biol. 2010; 22(5):619-630. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.21054
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 )
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Published by Al-Rafidain University College. This is an open access journal issued under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/).
