Impact of Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) on Salivary Osteonectin and Osteopontin Levels in Smokers and Nonsmokers Periodontitis Patients: A Prospective Clinical Study

Aqeel Ali Abd Alhussien; Maha Shukri Mahmood

doi:10.54133/ajms.v8i2.1895

Authors

Aqeel Ali Abd Alhussien Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3708-0688
Maha Shukri Mahmood Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v8i2.1895

Keywords:

NSPT, Osteonectin, Osteopontin, Smoking, Periodontitis

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that destroys tooth-supporting tissue, with proteins like osteonectin and osteopontin playing roles in bone metabolism and inflammation, making them potential biomarkers for assessing periodontal healing after treatment. Objectives: The effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on concentrations of osteonectin and osteopontin within the saliva of periodontitis individuals who smoke and those who do not. Methods: Twenty-eight periodontist patients were allocated into 14 nonsmokers and 14 smokers with probing depths of 4-6mm who were treated by root surface debridement (RSD). Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were measured. In addition, osteonectin (ON) and osteopontin (OPN) in saliva were measured at baseline and 1-month and 3-month follow-up visits by ELISA. Results: Osteonectin levels in saliva increased in nonsmoker patients (4.80±3.52ng/ml and 21.47±1.92 ng/ml) and were significantly greater than in the smoker patients (1.30±1.26ng/ml and 4.02±3.29ng/ml) in 1 month and 3 months, respectively, while osteopontin levels in saliva decreased in both groups, the nonsmokers group (4.62±1.91ng/ml and 5.78±1.39 ng/ml) and the smokers group (5.46±2.30 ng/ml and 6.76±2.88 ng/ml) in 1 month and 3 months, respectively, but with no significant differences between them. Conclusions: NSPT increases ON in both smoker and non-smoker unstable periodontitis individuals, with a higher increase observed in non-smokers. However, NSPT decreases OPN in these groups, with no significant difference post-treatment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nature Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):1-14. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.38

Casanova L, Hughes F, Preshaw P. Diabetes and periodontal disease: a two-way relationship. Br Dent J. 2014;217(8):433-437. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.907

Labriola A, Needleman I, Moles D. Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2005;37(1). doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2004.03793.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2004.03793.x

Ratajczak AE, Szymczak-Tomczak A, Rychter AM, Zawada A, Dobrowolska A, Krela-Kaźmierczak I. Impact of cigarette smoking on the risk of osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1515. doi: 10.3390/jcm10071515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10071515

Kanmaz M, Kanmaz B, Buduneli N. Periodontal treatment outcomes in smokers: A narrative review. Tobacco Induced Dis. 2021;19. doi: 10.18332/tid/142106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/142106

Cobb CM. Clinical significance of non‐surgical periodontal therapy: an evidence‐based perspective of scaling and root planing. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:22-32. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051X.29.s2.4.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.29.s2.4.x

Alwan AM, Al-Karawi SI, Abdul-Wahab GA. The impact of traditional smokers versus electronic cigarette smokers on periodontal parameters in iraqi males. Braz Dent Sci. 2024;27(1). doi: 10.4322/bds.2024.e4166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2024.e4166

Tilakaratne WM, Kallarakkal TG, (Eds.), Clinicopathological Correlation of Oral Diseases, Springer International Publishing; 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24408-7

Darby I, Mooney J, Kinane D. Changes in subgingival microflora and humoral immune response following periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(8):796-805. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.280812.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.2001.280812.x

Aljateeli M, Koticha T, Bashutski J, Sugai JV, Braun TM, Giannobile WV, et al. Surgical periodontal therapy with and without initial scaling and root planing in the management of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Clinical Periodontol. 2014;41(7):693-700. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12259

Nanakaly HT. Effect of periodontal therapy on serum and salivary interleukin-2 levels in chronic periodontitis. J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2016;28(2):73-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0028225

Al-Rihaymee S, Mahmood MS, Abdulbaqi HR. Platelet-rich fibrin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in treatment of shallow periodontal pockets: A randomized clinical trial. J Oral Biosci. 2024;66(3):612-618. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2024.07.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2024.07.002

Mohammed A, Fadhil R, Mahmood MS, Al-Waeli HA. Diagnostic biomarkers for periodontitis (observational case-control study). J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2024;36(2):11-19. doi: 10.26477/jbcd.v36i2.3673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v36i2.3673

Marques SS, Oliveira TMC, Zucco GR, Sabbag F, da Silva Martinho H, Almeida JD, et al. Unlocking the secrets of saliva: the promising potential of salivary biomarkers for evaluating crack use. Braz Dent Sci. 2023;26(4). doi: 10.4322/bds.2023.e3892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2023.e3892

Ali AM, Mohammed AN, Al-Waeli HA, Al-Ani HA. Association of salivary Interleukin-6 levels in smokers with periodontitis. J Baghdad Coll Dent. 2024;36(4):39-49. doi: 10.26477/jbcd.v36i4.3823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26477/jbcd.v36i4.3823

Shazam H, Shaikh F, Hussain Z. Bone turnover markers in chronic periodontitis: a literature review. Cureus. 2020;12(1) doi: 10.7759/cureus.6699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6699

Icer MA, Gezmen-Karadag M. The multiple functions and mechanisms of osteopontin. Clin Biochem. 2018;59:17-24. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.07.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.07.003

Al-Qarakhli AMA, Al-Taweel FB, Ameer LAA, Saliem SS, Abdulkareem AA. Assessing the level and diagnostic accuracy of osteopontin and oral health status in periodontitis patients with/without type-2 diabetes mellitus. Braz Dent Sci. 2021;24(4 Suppl). doi: 10.4322/bds.2021.e2968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4322/bds.2021.e2968

Bibi T, Khurshid Z, Rehman A, Imran E, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): a diagnostic tool for the detection of periodontal health and diseases. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1208. doi: 10.3390/molecules26051208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051208

Salman ZA, Ghudhaib KK. Association of osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase in male patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and periodontitis. Iran J War Public Health. 2022;14(1):105-109.

Amerio E, Blasi G, Valles C, Blanc V, Àlvarez G, Arredondo A, et al. Impact of smoking on peri‐implant bleeding on probing. Clin Implant Dent Related Res. 2022;24(2):151-165. doi: 10.1111/cid.13062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.13062

Navazesh M, Kumar SK. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:35S-40S. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0353

Alqerban A, Asiri SN, Alghabban R, Alharbi F, Almalki A, Aljhani AS, et al. Periodontal, microbiological, and proinflammatory cytokines levels in fixed orthodontics patients treated with photodynamic therapy adjunct to full mouth scaling. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2023;41(3):133-139. doi: 10.1089/photob.2022.0155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2022.0155

Nikoloudaki G. Functions of matricellular proteins in dental tissues and their emerging roles in orofacial tissue development, maintenance, and disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(12):6626. doi: 10.3390/ijms22126626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126626

Vidavsky N, Kunitake JA, Estroff LA. Multiple pathways for pathological calcification in the human body. Adv Healthcare Mate. 2021;10(4):2001271. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202001271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001271

Khan S, Khalid T, Bettiol S, Crocombe LA. Non‐surgical periodontal therapy effectively improves patient‐reported outcomes: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hygiene. 2021;19(1):18-28. doi: 10.1111/idh.12450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12450

Do HT, Nguyen TT, Vo TL, Huynh NC, Nguyen AT. The influence of smoking on oral neutrophils and matrix metalloproteinase-8 in periodontitis patients before and after nonsurgical treatment. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2023;13(3):442-447. doi: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.004

Pham TAV, Nguyen PA, Tran TTP. Nonsurgical periodontal treatment improved the type 2 diabetes mellitus status in smokers: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;194:110150. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110150

Dukka H, Saleh MH, Ravidà A, Greenwell H, Wang HL. Is bleeding on probing a reliable clinical indicator of peri‐implant diseases? J Periodontol. 2021;92(12):1669-1674. doi: 10.1002/JPER.20-0890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.20-0890

Azab E, Attia A, Yaghmoor W, Aldahlawi S, Youssef AR. The impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on serum levels of Dickkopf-Related Protein-1 in smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis: A prospective comparative study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2022;14:191-198. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S362801. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S362801

Apatzidou DA. The role of cigarette smoking in periodontal disease and treatment outcomes of dental implant therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2022;90(1):45-61. doi: 10.1111/prd.12449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12449

Türkoğlu O, Eren G, Emingil G, Azarsız E, Kutukculer N, Atilla G. Does smoking affect gingival crevicular fluid LL-37 levels following non-surgical periodontal treatment in chronic periodontitis? Arch Oral Biol. 2016;61:98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.018

Arab A, Rani KA, Altell RT, Ismail AA, Alkawas S, Samsudin A. The efficacy of salivary Histatin-1 protein in wound closure of nicotine treated human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells–In vitro study. Arch Oral Biol. 2022;141:105486. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105486

Ameer LRA, Ali BG. Effects of light smoking on salivary levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in chronic periodontitis patients. J Baghdad Coll Dentistry. 2015;27(2):110-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0015305

Xie G, Huang C, Jiang S, Li H, Gao Y, Zhang T, et al. Smoking and osteoimmunology: Understanding the interplay between bone metabolism and immune homeostasis. J Orthopaed Transl. 2024;46:33-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jot.2024.04.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jot.2024.04.003

Trombetta JM, Bradshaw AD, Johnson RH. SPARC/osteonectin functions to maintain homeostasis of the collagenous extracellular matrix in the periodontal ligament. J Histochem Cytochem. 2010;58(10):871-879. doi: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1369/jhc.2010.956144

Kido Ji, Nakamura T, Asahara Y, Sawa T, Kohri K, Nagata T. Osteopontin in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodont Res. 2001;36(5):328-333. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360509.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0765.2001.360509.x

Vancea A, Serban O, Fodor D. Relationship between osteopontin and bone mineral density. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest). 2021;17(4):509. doi: 10.4183/aeb.2021.509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2021.509

Sharma CG, Pradeep AR. Gingival crevicular fluid osteopontin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol. 2006;77(10):1674-1680. doi: 10.1902/jop.2006.060016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2006.060016

Sharma C, Pradeep A. Plasma and crevicular fluid osteopontin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodont Res. 2007;42(5):450-455. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00968.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00968.x

Hsu YT, Chang AM, Daubert D, Roberts F, Chen D, Trivedi HM, et al. Inflammation and tissue remodeling mediator expression during gingivitis: A comparison between experimental, naturally occurring gingivitis, and periodontal health. J Periodontol. 2024. doi: 10.1002/JPER.23-0692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.23-0692

Mercia M, Soeroso Y, Lessang R, Bachtiar BM. Expression of osteopontin mRNA during periodontal healing following scaling and root planing. Pesquisa Brasileira Odontopediatria Clínica Integrada. 2019;19:e4991. doi: 10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.101